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Varna” is a concept in Hinduism that refers to the classification of society into four primary groups, each associated with specific duties and responsibilities. The four varnas are:

Brahmins: The priestly and scholarly class. Their duties include teaching, studying the Vedas, performing religious rituals, and offering guidance on spiritual matters.

Kshatriyas: The warrior and ruling class. They are responsible for protecting society, upholding justice, and governance.

Vaishyas: The merchant and agricultural class. Their roles involve trade, commerce, agriculture, and the management of wealth and resources.

Shudras: The laborer class. They provide various forms of service to the other three varnas and are involved in manual labor and craftsmanship.

The concept of varna is described in ancient Hindu texts, including the Vedas and the Manusmriti, where it is often linked to the idea of dharma, or duty. Each varna is expected to fulfill its specific duties to maintain social harmony and order.It is important to note that the varna system is different from the caste system (jati), which is a more complex and rigid social stratification seen in modern Indian society. While varna is a theoretical classification, the caste system involves a multitude of hereditary groups with specific occupations and social rules, leading to significant social discrimination and inequality. The caste system has faced substantial criticism and reform efforts, particularly since India’s independence.